ELISE . Mammalian Nest Predators Respond to Greenway

NOVOTNY, KRISTEN ELISE. Mammalian Nest Predators Respond to Greenway Width, Habitat Structure, and Landscape Context. (Under the direction of George R. Hess.) Birds of conservation concern breed in suburban greenways, yet abundant populations of mammals that depredate bird nests may compromise nest success. We evaluated how three factors influenced total mammalian nest predator abundance and individual species abundance in greenways of Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, USA: 1) the width of the forested corridor containing the greenway, 2) the type of land-use adjacent to the forested corridor, and 3) the habitat structure within the greenway. Forest corridor width and adjacent land-use were measured for 34 greenway segments using aerial photographs. Several measures of habitat structure within the greenway were collected in the field during September 2002, including trail width and surface type, stream width, and percentage of mature forest. We measured the relative abundance of mammalian nest predators with scentstation transects, operated for five nights during the 2002 breeding season. Mammalian nest predators were significantly more abundant in greenways within narrower forested corridors. Mammalian nest predator abundance was lowest in greenways with forested corridors wider than 200 meters, and continued to decline as forest corridor width increased. Most of the species we identified are known to inhabit edge habitat, which was present throughout greenways within narrow forested corridors. We found no relationship between categorical measures of land-use context (lowdensity residential, high-density residential, office/institutional) and mammalian nest predator abundance. Specific landscape features adjacent to the greenway, however, did affect mammalian nest predator abundance. Greenways adjacent to landscapes with fewer buildings had a higher abundance of total mammalian nest predators, and the abundance of individual species varied with the amount of canopy, lawn, and pavement in the adjacent landscape. The habitat structure of the greenway was correlated with the mammalian nest predator community, yet no habitat structure variables were significant in all species models. Segments with wider trails had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators, as did sampling areas located closer to trails and with more mature forest. Raccoon abundance was higher in segments with wider trails, and lower in segments near parking lots or roads, playing fields, and backyards. Opossum abundance was higher in segments near water and trails. Gray squirrel abundance was higher in segments near backyards. Domestic cat abundance was higher in segments with more mature forest, near parking lots or roads, and lower further from streams. To reduce the risk of avian nest predation by mammals, greenways should be designed with wider forest corridors and narrower trails, particularly natural dirt footpaths instead of paved or cleared trails. Additional features of greenways are likely to increase the abundance of particular species. Greenway forest corridors with more paved areas in the adjacent landscape are likely to have higher abundances of rats and mice, and domestic cats if the paved area borders the greenway. Increasing lawn in the adjacent landscape is likely to increase opossum abundance in greenways. Greenways that border backyards are likely to have a higher abundance of gray squirrels. Increasing canopy cover in the adjacent landscape will positively influence raccoon abundance, as will increasing mature forest within the greenway habitat for total mammalian nest predators and domestic cats. Many of these vegetative characteristics also create habitat for birds of conservation concern. Management of these features must balance reduction of predator communities with promotion of desired bird communities. MAMMALIAN NEST PREDATORS RESPOND TO GREENWAY WIDTH, HABITAT STRUCTURE, AND LANDSCAPE CONTEXT by KRISTEN ELISE NOVOTNY A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science